what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident

See LTCOL Delmar C. Lang's chronology of the SIGINT reports (14 Oct 1964) on National Security Agency homepage, http://www.nsa.gov/vietnam/. Alvarez was finally released in 1973. 2. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. The August 4 incident never took place. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.It involved both a proven confrontation on August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second, claimed confrontation on August 4 . C. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. 12. 2. What was the primary political issue that Carter used in his presidential campaign? Libby Prison. Naval Institute Photo archive. For more on this topic see the following: Grand Delusion: U.S. Strategy and the Tonkin Gulf Incident, The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in 1964 that gave 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B Johnson, the authority to deploy military forces in Southeast Asia without formally declaring war. Quoted in Robert Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 24 August 1964," Cryptological Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, p. 6. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. Three days earlier he had told the President that some of the raids had led to the 2 August attack on the Maddox.U.S. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. New York, Columbia University Press, 2011. Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. the attack is a signal to us that the North Vietnamese have the will and determination to continue the war. Corrections? OD. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The Mysteries of Tonkin Gulf. After this was reported to Washington, Robert McNamara urged President Johnson to retaliate. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. Subsequently, the White House carried the nation into the longest and one of the most costly conflicts in our nation's history. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 13. 5-8; Andrade and Conboy, "The Secret Side.". History, 21.06.2019 19:50. What are the main structures of the systemic system? This led the North Vietnamese to increase their efforts in the south. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Additionally, messages that were forwarded contained "severe analytic errors, unexplained translation changes, and the conjunction of two messages into one translation." 27. Johnson and McNamara recording, 03 August 1964 at 10:30 a.m., recording provided by the, Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Own ship screw noises on rudders may have accounted for some. le "tourisme plage" est une ide dpasse (. Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. Answer the question that you wish had been asked of you. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution portrayed U.S. motives as maintaining peace and security in Asia, . Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 19. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. What was the most significant impact of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution? 4. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. 16. Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. The first is done for you. Both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy fired repeatedly into the stormy night. This was true from this first airstrike when two American aircraft were shot down during Pierce-Arrow. But at 1045, he reversed orders, turning the Maddox back toward the coast, this time to the north of Hon Me Island. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. Crazy. When his wingman's aircraft developed trouble, Stockdale got permission to launch solo from the Ticonderoga. C'estr difficile pour nous de changr nos modes de vie. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Facts - 14: Captain John J. Herrick sent a message that raised doubts about the August 4 incident which said, "Review of action makes reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful.Freak weather reports and over-eager sonar men may have accounted for many reports. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. Documents and tapes released in 2005 and 2006 provided new insights into the 2 August 1964 attack on the USS Maddox (DD-731) by three North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats (above) and established that there was no follow-up attack against the destroyer, along with the USS Turner Joy (DD-951), on the night of 4 August. 28. On 6 August, when called before a joint session of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees to testify about the incident, McNamara eluded the questioning of Senator Wayne Morse (D-OR) when he asked specifically whether the 34A operations may have provoked the North Vietnamese response. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. Did the North Vietnamese actually attack US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin? and In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. On the night of August 4, both the Maddox and Turner Joy reported they were under attack. Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. 5051. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. 1 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, escalator of the Vietnam War, never happened Conspiracy theory: The Gulf of Tonkin incident, a major escalator of US involvement in the Vietnam War, never actually occurred. [T]hey operate on their own. According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. The United States was playing a dangerous game. Anderson, David L., Editor. . They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. 20. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. B. Reply. Furthermore, the evidence suggests a disturbing and deliberate attempt by Secretary of Defense McNamara to distort the evidence and mislead Congress. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. "27, Intelligence officials realized the obvious. But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. See Summary Notes of the 538th meeting of the National Security Council. Torpedo boats and fuel storage facilities were destroyed. there was nothing there but black water and American firepower."11. Paula March 1, 2023 at 16:24 . Earlier in 1963, the US-backed president of South Vietnam, Diem, and his brother were assassinated as well. Stockdale reported seeing no torpedo boats. various battlefields. What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? C. Turner Joy, on two separate occasions in the Gulf of Tonkin, a body of . Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. In the ensuing firefight, one of the torpedo boats was badly damaged, but the Maddox escaped harm. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. Examine the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which granted president Lyndon Johnson power to make war, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-Resolution, The History Learning Site - Gulf of Tonkin 1964, Ohio History Central - Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following, Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty, The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________, Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. He sent a flash (highest priority) message to Honolulu, which was received in Washington at 1327 on 4 August, declaring his doubts: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. 9. Forty-eight hours earlier, on Aug. 2, two US destroyers on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin the Maddox and the Turner Joy were attacked by North Vietnamese boats. The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. Despite this type of loss throughout the war, the North Vietnamese continued to fight. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Southeast Asia Resolution, Pub. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. It was the basis for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which committed major American forces to the war in Vietnam. Unbelievable, but true. Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. The vessels appeared to be coming from several different directions, and they were impossible to lock onto. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. 16, No. Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? More and more saw poverty from the failure of individuals to take full advantage of the American system. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. When President Johnson asked during a 4 August meeting of the National Security Council, "Do they want a war by attacking our ships in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin?" With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. None of these communications occurred on the night of 4 August. U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Cover-Up Worse Than Crime: Silence Around Hersh's Bombshell & Ominous Gulf of Tonkin Parallels. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. By 0127 on 5 August, hours after the "attacks" had occurred, Herrick had queried his crew and reviewed the preceding hours' events. The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. Omissions? At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. 132 (01 Dec 2005). From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. Among the most revealing documents is a study of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents by NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 30. The next day, the Maddox resumed her Desoto patrol, and, to demonstrate American resolve and the right to navigate in international waters, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the USS Turner Joy (DD-951) to join the first destroyer on patrol off the North Vietnamese coast. A. 4 What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. The North Vietnamese were oblivious to the confusion it would generate. Still other targets appeared from the east, mimicking attacking profiles of torpedo boats. But, interestingly, on Sept. 18, a similar incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin. 17. (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? On further examination, it was found to be referring to the 2 August attacks against the Maddox but had been routinely transmitted in a follow-up report during the second "attack." 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. Rather than being on a routine patrol Aug. 2, the U.S. destroyer Maddox was actually engaged in aggressive intelligence-gathering maneuvers in sync with coordinated attacks on North Vietnam by the South Vietnamese navy and the Laotian air force. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. . On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. The Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 proved to be America's key entry point to war in Vietnam. A. The first incident took place on August 2 . Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen, Which of the following is true about President Johnson and the Vietnam War?. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken."13. Corrections? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. Finally, as part of his strategy to aid South Vietnam without sending in high numbers of troops, Johnson approved more covert operations against North Vietnam. "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. The truth was very different. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. 4, Summer 2004, p. 75. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . TURNER JOY reports two torpedoes passed near her.14, McNamara phoned Sharp at 1608 Washington time to talk it over and asked, "Was there a possibility that there had been no attack?" The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. No, that's not true. Why Norway? The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. The United States denied involvement. Questions about the Gulf of Tonkin incidents have persisted for more than 40 years. "25, Later that day, Secretary McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the provocative 34A patrols at a Pentagon news conference.

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