haplogroup g origin

Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. G2a2b2a is also found in India. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi - Nature The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Age Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. The British samples have inconsistent double values for STR marker DYS19 in many cases. PubMed (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Distribution. Peter A Underhill. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 - Marres Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. [39], Haplogroup G-M377 has been found at a frequency of 60% out of a sample of five Pashtuns in the Wardak region of Afghanistan. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. Haplogroup H Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. G-L14 | Haplogroup Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R et al. [5] Cinnioglu et al. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch PLoS One 2011; 6: e20232. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East.

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