political organisation of the acholi

Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful However, this number is most likely considerably This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Uma, F. K. (1971). The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Orientation They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Organizational Politics. B. K. (1994). What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. When conflict did Social Control. Certain rwodi and [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. PDF University of Bradford eThesis of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. identity is rather disputed. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). The Southern Lwoo language group Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Congo. Orientation cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Movement. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Encyclopedia.com. Politics has been around for millennia. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Bor Lango Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they families living together in hamlets. ." In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In . In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Under Ugandan Pres. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Orientation Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. majority peasant population. Dholuo Political organisation - Wikipedia Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Identification. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. with the British was through Samuel Baker. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Identification. 26). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes.

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