proto celtic dictionary

This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. The following personal pronouns in Celtic can be reconstructed as follows:[14]:220221[15]:281, The following third-person pronouns in Proto-Celtic may also be reconstructed. Hmong Swedish This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. Berber [1] However, Schrijver believes that in Brythonic, sequences of *wo regularly split into *wa and *wo depending on whether the *w was lenited; in this case, the vowel in the Brythonic descendants would be generalized from the lenited form. How to use proto- in a sentence. Q-Celtic languages may also have /p/ in loan words, though in early borrowings from Welsh into Primitive Irish, /k/ was used by sound substitution due to a lack of a /p/ phoneme at the time: Gaelic pg "kiss" was a later borrowing (from the second word of the Latin phrase osculum pacis "kiss of peace") at a stage where p was borrowed directly as p, without substituting c. The PC vowel system is highly comparable to that reconstructed for PIE by Antoine Meillet. Central Atlas Tamazight) TocharianB gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; Italian Scholars who believe that Proto-Italo-Celtic was an identifiable historical language estimate that it was spoken in the 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE somewhere in South-Central Europe. Temiar Paginator2 [4], Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uostos&oldid=71568684, Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. That could imply that they are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Italo-Celtic, which can be partly reconstructed by the comparative method. Sranan Belarusian Dalmatian Danish Romance Fongbe Derived from Proto-Indo-European *upo-sth--s (standing beneath), from *up (under) + *steh- (to stand) + *-s (agent suffix). Finnish The Sound of the Proto-Celtic language (Numbers, Words & Story) ILoveLanguages! s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); Germanic Proto-Turkic Catalan English-Celtic Dictionary Online and Free English-Celtic Translation. Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Early Celtic among the Indo-European dialects", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italo-Celtic&oldid=1132194659, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. the assimilation of *p to a following *k. Occitan "colui che crea lodi"), la cui radice PIE *gerH- (originariamente "alzare la voce", poi "approvare, magnificare") riscontrabile anche nel latino grtus (e Hawaiian Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European.It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method.Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Category:Proto-Celtic names: Proto-Celtic terms that are used to refer to specific individuals or groups. Ukrainian Presentation [] For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list. Japanese It is argued that this is a regular development and that the acute accent was frequently transferred analogically to the corresponding full grade forms *Hei- and *Heu-. Fiji Hindi Il termine, trovato al plurale anche nel greco brdoi, sicuramente pi antico e proviene dal proto-celtico *bardos, a sua volta esito del proto-indoeuropeo *grdh--s ( lett. (OldMarathi) Tibeto-Burman, (OldPersian, MiddlePersian) Tibeto-Burman (Nepal)) Asturian- Marathi The most common alternative interpretation is that the proximity of Proto-Celtic and Proto-Italic over a long period could have encouraged the parallel development of what were already quite separate languages, as areal features within a Sprachbund. Guaran The Leiden University has compiled etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, a project supervised by Alexander Lubotsky and which includes a Proto-Celtic dictionary by Ranko Matasovi. Rusyn Celtic and Indo-European scholars, linguists interested in etymology and problems of linguistic reconstruction. Hungarian Another future formation, attested only in Gaulish, is the -sye-desiderative. Numbers in Proto-Brythonic How to count in Proto-Brythonic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric). Entries where "Proto-Celtic" occurs: march: Translations smallage - see smallage Anagrams charm march (Welsh) Origin & history From Proto . (Old French) Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel. The article discusses a number of cases in which Proto-Indo-European word-initial sequences of the type *Hi- and *Hu- yield an acute vowel in Baltic and in Slavic. Korean Lithuanian Frisian So many of the sound changes that occurred from Proto-Italic to Old Latin to Classical Latin are so interesting. MauritianCreole Romanian Tupian They are usually considered to be innovations, likely to have developed after the breakup of the Proto-Indo-European language. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Nynorsk) Burushaski Chumashan and Hokan It is also possible that some of these are not innovations, but shared conservative features, i.e. Cognate with Latin margo (border, edge), Proto-Germanic *mark (border, region), Avestan (marza, frontier). Turkish It was a descendant of the subjunctive of an Indo-European sigmatic thematic formation *-seti. (AncientGreek) Thus, H can disappear in weak cases while being retained in strong cases, e.g. DenYeniseian Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, Category:Requests concerning Proto-Celtic, Given names from Proto-Celtic by language, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=70848475, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Sicilian) Dutch gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; Frisian *mori 'body of water, sea' (neuter) (Gaulish Mori- ~ Old Irish muir ~ Welsh mr), E.g. (Middle, Persian [3] The fact that it is possible to reconstruct a Proto-Celtic word for 'iron' (traditionally reconstructed as *sarnom) has long been taken as an indication that the divergence into individual Celtic languages did not start until the Iron Age (8th century BCE to 1st century BCE); otherwise, descendant languages would have developed their own, unrelated words for their metal. Gan, This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Please see Wiktionary:About Proto-Celtic for information and special considerations for creating Proto-Celtic language entries. Buginese Proto-Celtic English *-agno- descendant, child *go-mro- warlike *agos- (Ir. Possibly, post-consonantal laryngeals are lost when before pre-tonic close vowels: Possibly, vocalization of laryngeals to * between a *CR cluster and consonantal *j (CRHjV > CRjV), Syllabic laryngeals become *a (CHC > CaC), Syllabic resonants before a voiced unaspirated stop become *Ra (RD > RaD). Want to add New Dictionary? Search the history of over 797 billion Long vowels are shortened before a syllable-final resonant (V:RC > VRC); this also shortens long diphthongs. Generally, nasal stems end in *-on-; this becomes *- in the nominative singular: *abon- "river" > *ab. Hebrew However, if some of the forms are archaic elements of Proto-Indo-European that were lost in other branches, neither model of post-PIE relationship must be postulated. The analysis was based on the DNA of 1,000 Irish individuals and 6,000 from Britain and mainland Europe - and confirms the vast extent of migration between the two islands. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. A number of other similarities continue to be pointed out and debated.[13]. (MinNan, IE nom.sg. It is claimed that the morpheme in question, reconstructed here as *-is < *-io-os, evolved in, ABSTRACT De origine scoticae linguae (DOSL, also known as OMulconrys Glossary) is an etymological glossary dating from around the late-seventh or early-eighth century. The article by R. Matasovi begins by dealing with the syntactic features of Insular Celtic languages, The question of possible Italo-Celtic unity has been amply discussed so far. Ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic Linguistic Unity, and the Italian Homeland of Celtic", "Laryngeal Realism and early Insular Celtic orthography", "Old Irish cuire, its congeners, and the ending of the 2nd sg. Bengali Zulu, Afroasiatic [8], Emphatic support for an Italo-Celtic clade came from Celtologist Peter Schrijver in 1991. Lingua Franca Nova French See More Copyright Year: 2009 Hardback Availability: Published ISBN: 978-90-04-17336-1 Publication date: original Indo-European language features which have disappeared in all other language groups. It would then analogically spread to other Celtic strong verb roots ending in sonorants in addition to the weak verbs, even if the root did not originally end in a laryngeal. In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a hypothetical grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others. Ancient. The number of cases is a subject of contention:[12] while Old Irish may have only five, the evidence from Continental Celtic is considered[by whom?] Berber: Okinawan Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to proto-celtic using the buttons below. The. It had both athematic and thematic conjugations in the present tense. Updates? 188K subscribers Like 57K views 2 years ago This video was made for educational purposes only. Toki Pona Proto-Germanic As Watkins (1966) puts it, "the community of - in Italic and Celtic is attributable to early contact, rather than to an original unity". Middle) Xiang) Algonquian and Iroquoian Nouns fall into nine or so declensions, depending on stem. In: This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 18:40. Vietnamese Maranao Romani Ilocano Ossetian This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2023-03-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2023-03-01 using wiktextract.. The meaning of PROTO- is first in time. The r-passive (mediopassive voice) was initially thought to be an innovation restricted to Italo-Celtic until it was found to be a retained archaism shared with Hittite, Tocharian, and possibly the Phrygian language. (Tashelhit, Manx *bitus 'world, existence' (masculine) (Gaulish Bitu- ~ Old Irish bith ~ Welsh byd ~ Breton bed), Before the *-s of the nominative singular, a velar consonant was fricated to *-x: *rg- "king" > *rxs. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This page was last edited on 3 July 2022, at 11:41. Place names, demonyms and other kinds of names can be found in Category:Names. au 3 (aue); u English meaning: from, away, of Deutsche bersetzung: "herab, weg von " Material: O.Ind. Latvian There are *o-stems, *-stems, *i-stems, *u-stems, dental stems, velar stems, nasal stems, *r-stems and *s-stems. Zealandic) It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (frontier, border). Northern Kurdish Zazaki E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports, Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. [dubious discuss], The copula *esti was irregular. rather unambiguous despite appeals to archaic retentions or morphological leveling. NigerCongo Proto-Slavic Words with an asterisk are . German Min So the main sources for reconstruction come from Insular Celtic languages with the oldest literature found in Old Irish[1] and Middle Welsh,[2] dating back to authors flourishing in the 6th century AD. The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the Proto-Celtic language morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their endings), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive to -i, -as, -os and -ais . Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. Dravidian Belenus. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow a secure reconstruction of syntax, though some complete sentences are recorded in the Continental Gaulish and Celtiberian. OldChinese, Yiddish Penutian Etymology. (StandardArabic, Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. LowSaxon The following sound changes are shared with the Italic languages in particular, and are cited in support of the Italo-Celtic hypothesis.[7]. These endings are:[19]:6267, The Old Irish t-preterite was traditionally assumed to be a divergent evolution from the s-preterite, but that derivation was challenged by Jay Jasanoff, who alleges that they were instead imperfects of Narten presents. Slavic The Celtic Lexicon will contain the reconstructed Proto-Celtic vocabulary and the attested cognates in the ancient and modern Celtic languages (i.e. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiced aspirate stops *b, *d, *g/, merge with *b, *d, *g/ in PC. Megleno-Romanian The considerable genetic legacies of the Vikings, Normans and Ulster plantations has uncovered a previously hidden genetic landscape, shaped by invasions and migrations. Celtic words for fence, hurdle, lattice and related things come from the same root: more details, as do words for left and related things. Macedonian var cx = 'partner-pub-0611072400049090:f017sb-yloo'; (Mandarin Nepali It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Uralic (MiddleKorean) The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. Russian The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) to Proto-Celtic (PC) may be summarized as follows. Falling Apples. TokPisin Lingwa de Planeta (Lidepla) It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. Austronesian Somali Proto-Celtic is believed to have had nouns in three genders, three numbers and five to eight cases. [5] Nevertheless, some scholars, such as Frederik Kortlandt, continued to be interested in the theory. Voiceless stop phonemes /t k/ were aspirated word-initially except when preceded by /s/, hence aspirate allophones [t k]. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. Greek Malagasy Standard, Interlingua (OldPolish) WestCoastBajau The assumed period of language contact could then be later and perhaps continue well into the first millennium BC. Sequences of velar and *w merge into the labiovelars (it is uncertain if this preceded or followed the next change; that is, whether gw > b or gw > g, but Schumacher 2004 argues on p.372 that this change came first; moreover, it is also found in Proto-Italic, and thus arguably belongs to the previous section): Aspirated stops lose their aspiration and merge with the voiced stops (except that this. gcse.async = true; It is a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European (h)se-desirative, with i-reduplication in many verbs. Navajo 1500 entries. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. (OldPortuguese) Czech From comparison between early Old Irish and Gaulish forms it seems that Continental and Insular Celtic verbs developed differently and so the study of Irish and Welsh may have unduly weighted past opinion of Proto-Celtic verb morphology. Jeju Tahitian Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The list of the Proto-Celtic sound laws is explicitly adduced in the Introduction to the dictionary, and all etymologies in this dictionary are based on the assumption that those sound laws operated in Proto-Celtic. Mori Bulgarian Austroasiatic Telugu English on July 14, 2017, This is a cleaned version of the original file found on The Internet, There are no reviews yet. Mayan Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden; The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book; Rethinking the Administrative Presidency: Trust, Otto Treumann: Graphic Design in the Netherlands; SOON Timepiece Phenomena: adventures in concept; Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties; Filmstile book; Neuropsychology: From Theory to Practice / Ivi, Dubravka. var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; Either derivation requires Narten ablaut anyway, leading to a stem vowel i in the singular and e in the plural. They were used to form the present, future, and subjunctive conjugations.[14]. English Proto-Celtic as far as ? Fijian Min Dong), Bantu Answer (1 of 3): How can I learn the Proto Celtic language? This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. [16]:62[14]:220. Welsh A friend asked me to look into the origins of the saying An acorn doesn't fall far from the tree. va " from, down ", mostly prefix from verbs . You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. web pages Dictionary entries. (function() { Fundamental All languages Proto-Celtic. Palatovelars merge into the plain velars: Epenthetic *a is inserted after a syllabic, following a vowel in syllables before the accent (VHC > VC), between plosives in non-initial syllables (CHC > CC), Two adjacent dentals become two adjacent sibilants (TT > ss). It contains a reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Celtic with ca. [21], There were also three verbs that did not use -(a)se-, instead straight-out taking thematised primary endings. (Sallaands) Celtic languages, also spelled Keltic, branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken throughout much of Western Europe in Roman and pre-Roman times and currently known chiefly in the British Isles and in the Brittany peninsula of northwestern France. Celtic Dictionary. Paleosiberian Whereas Continental Celtic offers plenty of evidence for phonology (the sound system), its records are too scanty to help Read More Please support me on. In Gaulish and the Brittonic languages, the Proto-Indo-European *k phoneme becomes a new *p sound. The Gaulish conversion of *wo to ua is regular. It is also known as Common Brittonic, and was spoken from about the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD in most of Great Britain south of the Firth of Forth. Thai middle imperative", An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language, http://www.angelfire.com/me/ik/gaulish.html, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 9, etymological dictionaries of various IE languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proto-Celtic_language&oldid=1142903141, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2011, Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010, Articles with disputed statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This is the first etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic to be published after a hundred years, synthesizing the work of several generations of Celtic scholars. Proto-Celtic reconstruction. I can only find a few examples of this saying online, but lots of examples of the apple never falls far from the tree and similar sayings. But a simple division into P- / Q-Celtic may be untenable, as it does not do justice to the evidence of the ancient Continental Celtic languages. Interlingue (Sinitic, CrimeanTatar ), *ag-l- (W) buck *agro-, *agr- slaughter *agro-k battlehound *agro-magos- battle . Schrijver supposes that its athematic present was used clause-initially and the thematic conjugation was used when that was not the case.[28]. This is the main category of the Proto-Celtic language. Wutunhua Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic Publication date 2017-07-14 Topics linguistics, historical linguistics, indo-european languages, celtic languages Collection opensource Language English Early New) Each lemma contains the reflexes of the Proto-Celtic words in the individual Celtic languages, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots from which they developed, as well as the cognate forms from other Indo-European languages. Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Thus, PIE *gen- 'woman' became Old Irish and Old Welsh ben, but PIE *gn- 'to kill, wound' became Old Irish gonaid and Welsh gwanu. The study shows, among other things, how the, This paper presents a detailed etymological analysis of words for fox in Indo-European (IE) languages. That hypothesis fell out of favour after it was re-examined by Calvert Watkins in 1966. Proto-Basque It flourished under the, Abstract The article deals with the origin of the Proto-Indo-European comparative suffix. Albanian 1500 entries. Polish The genders were masculine, feminine and neuter; the numbers were singular, plural and dual. Insofar as this new /p/ fills the gap in the phoneme inventory which was left by the disappearance of the equivalent stop in PIE, we may think of this as a chain shift. Celtic Dictionary. Purepecha Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. English-Cornish Online Dictionary. [6] In 2002 a paper by Ringe, Warnow and Taylor, employing computational methods as a supplement to the traditional linguistic subgrouping methodology, argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic subgroup,[7] and in 2007 Kortlandt attempted a reconstruction of a Proto-Italo-Celtic. Chavacano The later belief in a stay of the Israelites at Tanis/Zoan was inspired by the transfer of archaeological . Konkani Kuki-Chin (Limburgish, The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. Arabic In this paper, we defend the thesis that the set of absolute, There are around sixty Indo-European roots that are (sometimes) reconstructed with a vowel *a in the scholarly literature that otherwise fully embraces the laryngeal theory. Papiamento He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. The -ase- variant originated in roots that ended in a laryngeal in Proto-Indo-European; when the *-se- suffix was attached right after a laryngeal, the laryngeal regularly vocalized into *-a-. Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Kashubian Please, contact us for this at ats [at] ats-group [dot] net, Advanced Translation Services| Copyright 2001-2023| ATS Translation, Professional Hungarian Translation Services. [2][3] Matasovi, however, is confused at how the -o- in *uo- became -a- in Gaulish and Brythonic. Proto-Bantu This category contains only the following page. (Old, The Old Irish a- and s-future come from here.[21]. The collective memory of the Proto-Israelites suffering in Canaan under Egyptian oppression and those suffering in Egypt merged in the genesis of Israel's story of origin from the transformation of oral tradition into written text. Hausa Uto-Aztecan, Esperanto There is controversy about the causes of these similarities. Musi What is commonly accepted is that the shared features may usefully be thought of as Italo-Celtic forms, as they are certainly shared by the two families and are almost certainly not coincidental. Slovene Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/mrogis&oldid=67617047, Proto-Celtic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [10][11], This allophony may be reconstructed to PC from the following evidence:[10][11]. Muskogean This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 23:31. Pashto Proto-Mayan Finnic In Celtic languages: Common Celtic The reconstruction of Common Celtic (or Proto-Celtic)the parent language that yielded the various tongues of Continental Celtic and Insular Celticis of necessity very tentative. The principal lemmata are alphabetically arranged words reconstructed for Proto-Celtic. Garo PIE *p is lost in PC, apparently going through the stages * (possibly a stage *[p])[10] and *h (perhaps seen in the name Hercynia if this is of Celtic origin) before being completely lost word-initially and between vowels. As such, the term (s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. Verbs were formed by adding suffixes to a verbal stem. first in time; beginning : giving rise to; parent substance of a (specified) substance Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Bashkir Spanish A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. Avar Two of these verbs are *bwiyeti "to be, exist" (subjunctive *bweti) and *klinutor "to hear" (subjunctive *klowetor).[22]. Tajik Similar developments appear in Italic, but for the syllabic nasals *m, *n, the result is Proto-Italic *m, *n (> Latin em ~ im, en ~ in). HaitianCreole It discusses the origins of, 165 and using these reconstructions to build up branches of a linguistic genealogical tree is even less promising. Friulian Wyandot (Neapolitan, The introduction contains an overview of the phonological developments from PIE to Proto-Celtic, and the volume includes an appendix treating the probable loanwords from unknown non-IE substrates in Proto-Celtic. South American Suzhounese), 1 March 2023. *dug, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch, "The Origin of the Welsh Englyn and Kindred Metres", Celto-Germanic Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West, "17. Abinomn (Bokml, In: Schmidt, Karl Horst, Contributions from New Data to the Reconstruction of the Proto-Language. Hakka, Cornish Ojibwe Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. [24][14]:140, Scholarly reconstructions [6][25][26][27] may be summarised in tabular format. Uploaded by Indo-Aryan: Bangala Gujarati *slis 'sight, view, eye' (feminine) (Brittonic sulis ~ Old Irish sil), E.g. Norwegian: Oto-Manguean Afrikaans To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible.

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